tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15348792705801896362012-02-16T04:31:41.600-08:00FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATIONDhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.comBlogger321100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-45822351680121755692009-09-18T18:38:00.000-07:002011-01-30T08:31:51.667-08:00

Today, the optical fiber is widely used in France, Europe and in the world. In France and Europe, we can mention the network that LDCOM comprises 11,000 km of fiber connecting 60 cities. By using WDM and SDH, it and can reach speeds of several hundreds of Gbit / s. Extended ends by MAN, the network now extends Spain, Italy and Switzerland. At the global level, the intercontinental routes are in

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-15243921228405193142009-09-06T05:45:00.000-07:002009-09-06T05:53:01.809-07:00

Today, the use of SONET and WDM multiply. Indeed, coupled use of these two technologies yields networks Optical integrating the strengths of SDH: transmission reliability and management bandwidth. These networks are currently expanding throughout the world and examples are more numerousHowever, researchers are trying to reduce the stack protocols used to arrive in all-optical solutions. Could

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-18811538971598624002009-09-06T05:41:00.000-07:002009-09-06T05:42:17.907-07:00

SDH allows the sky to achieve the alarm on the various equipment. These alarms correspond to different problems could exist on the equipment or connections. Major alarms are: • AU-AIS (Administrative Unit Alarm Indication Signal) • AU-LOP (Administrative Unit Loss of Pointer) • HP-UNEQ (HO Path Unequipped) • HP-RDI (HO Path Remote Defect Indication) • LOF (Loss of Frame) Frame Loss • LOS (Loss of

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-67147029315833067992009-09-02T16:49:00.000-07:002009-09-02T16:55:00.724-07:00

Major equipment There are 4 main categories of equipment to make connections SDH: • Switch card: This card provides the functions of multiplexing and circulating traffic between line interfaces and other interfaces. Its capacity is equivalent to 12x12 STM - 1, without limitation ( "non-blocking matrix"). This card can be split to ensure protection. • The line cards (STM-1, 4.16 ..): These cards

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-73567914206464210172009-09-01T18:21:00.000-07:002009-09-01T18:35:19.283-07:00

The SONET frame is composed of 9 rows. The first three bytes of each row contain information synchronization and supervision. Similar to SDH, we find the principle of adaptation-related encapsulation of data in virtual containersSecurity Different techniques can secure the use of SONET / SDH; these techniques are mainly access control and encryption, conventional solutions. Cons attacks format by

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-8262546178243801432009-08-30T17:23:00.000-07:002009-08-30T17:25:09.048-07:00

The hierarchy of the standard SDH corresponds to that of SONET for ATM interfaces. The hierarchy of flows is different on three continents (USA, EC, Japan) is a rate of 51.84 Mbps, which was chosen for form the first level of SONET: STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal, level 1). The other levels are called SONET OC-n (Optical Carrier level n). So there is just a gap between the levels of SDH and

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-48992833509533792852009-08-30T17:14:00.000-07:002009-08-30T17:23:30.497-07:00

To carry signals, using virtual containers (VC: Virtual Container). In the VC that are sections overload (POH: Path Overhead), which are used by pointers. The transport of containers on STM 1 STM 16 done by TDM. The couple VC-pointer, called AU (Administrative Unit) can therefore to carry both synchronous signals. Depending on the speed, the units are two levels Possible AU3 and AU4. Containers

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-50300357329915516182009-08-29T18:48:00.000-07:002009-08-29T18:52:48.272-07:00

The arrival of SDH SDH offers significant advantages over the PDH. SDH based on a digital frame that provides high level, in addition to the top speed (higher than PDH): • Greater flexibility as to the possibility of extracting or to insert directly a component of said multiplex • Ease of operation and maintenance (Flow important for these functions) • An opportunity to move towards high speed (

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-34303594060771342582009-08-22T18:20:00.000-07:002009-08-22T18:23:11.475-07:00

1.To combine low-speed traffic streams onto high-capacity wavelengths 2.Improve bandwidth utilization 3.Optimize network throughput 4.Minimize the network cost (transmitter, receiver, fiber link, OXC, ADM, amplifier,wavelength converter etc)

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-75353956513660771402009-08-22T18:17:00.000-07:002009-08-22T18:20:31.868-07:00

Traffic-grooming is a kind of multiplexing in optical signal by packing low speed traffic streams into higher-speed streams. There is a significant advantage to groom the traffic. 1.Reduction of wavelengths : If each demand requires a light-path exclusively, we need a lot of wavelengths to be allocated. 2.Reduction of costs for installing WDMs and operating networks

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-31573481497025922672009-08-22T18:01:00.000-07:002009-08-22T18:08:35.860-07:00

The evolution of flows of different services, the need for flexibility transmission network, the need to improve the functions of exploitationmaintenance, the continuous increase of transmission capacity on fiber optics and the need for interconnection between operators to high flows and Standardized have shown the limitations of the current hierarchy and led to standardization. SONET or SDH?

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-48809136593897501332009-08-15T18:39:00.000-07:002009-08-15T18:40:26.783-07:00

In CWDM equipment, we can use lasers in unregulated temperature, lower cost and which emit at wavelengths spaced 20 nm in the transmission window 1270-1610 nm. CWDM is the subject of the ITU-T recommendation G.695, which provides for flexible and scalable solutions, including the solution of 8 to 16 channels with two optical fibers (one for each direction of transmision), offering data rates of

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-73716145246486410662009-08-15T18:34:00.000-07:002009-08-15T18:36:14.096-07:00

Recommendation ITU-T G.692 (Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with optical amplifiers) has defined a comb of wavelengths allowed in the only window of 1530-1565 nm transmission. It normalizes the spacing in nanometer (nm) or Gigahertz (GHz) between two wave lengths permitted the window: 200 nm or 1.6 GHz and 100 GHz or 0.8 nm. The technology is called dense WDM (DWDM) used when the

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-72897557138093127802009-08-15T18:27:00.000-07:002009-08-15T18:31:20.341-07:00

Near the village of Takahagi, Japan, two giant antennae installed in the early 1960s as part of the creation of the first Japanese telecommunications network, have a second life ... as observatories radio astronomy. An unexpected partnership between a university and a village in 2007, it turned out when he learned that the telecommunications company converted to fiber optics, to close the two

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-59793165365422562252009-08-09T16:37:00.000-07:002009-08-09T16:48:20.318-07:00

Today, work stations are interconnected using network using fiber optics as its use allows for information flows faster and greater security in transmissions. In telephony, coaxial cables are slowly replaced by fiber optiques.en Indeed, it is more economical on long and short distances and the number of components required is less important. Its use is particularly interesting for the military

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-66025107853799921242009-08-08T08:19:00.000-07:002009-08-08T08:21:43.456-07:00

About the future deployment of fiber optics in France, the regulatory authority for telecommunications (ARCEP) has taken a position on two key points. The first concerns the choice of technology FFTH (abandoned by most developed countries), which brings fiber to the subscriber's home. In its communiqué ARCEP said "the dynamics of the broadband market in France fixed and palatability of the

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-37888532245808950842009-08-05T09:14:00.000-07:002009-08-05T09:17:16.341-07:00

Compared to other existing transmission media, fiber has a nearly constant attenuation over a large frequency range (several thousands of gigahertz) and offers the advantage of huge bandwidth, for now consider the transmission of digital flow very large (several terabit / second) required by the multiplication of services and the increased need for transmission of images. Very fast too, it is

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-65738364274176926882009-08-01T08:21:00.000-07:002009-08-01T08:54:19.459-07:00

The diffraction of light by an ultrasonic wave is used in the acousto-optical modulators.The high frequency generator (F = 80 MHz) generated in the strong wave acoustic wavelength Λ = C / F where the acoustic velocity is C = 4200 m / s therefore Λ = 52.5 m. The laser beam is diffracted by the ultrasonic wave. Here we are dealing with the Bragg diffraction since the diffraction angle is such that

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-85431273409868799332009-07-31T06:09:00.000-07:002009-07-31T06:58:45.787-07:00

The pooling of the optical fiber to the home (FTTH) explained here:The optical fiber to the home (FTTH) is criticized for its delay and its long established. Many critics have made but few seek to understand and explain what happens. Here is an attempt to decrypt. The optical fiber represents a significant investment, it is currently mainly for housing: buildings. The reason is quite simple: the

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-84086117036055616322009-07-25T08:05:00.000-07:002009-07-25T08:08:49.712-07:00

In the "entry level", ie in very affordable prices, an optical cable has a good chance to be more effective because it is insensitive to electromagnetic interference, in fact the optical link uses the light, however, this process requires more than an RCA coaxial connection, adding a digital converter / optical output of dvd player (internal), a converter and optical / digital input of the

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-62185739491899521332009-07-22T18:58:00.000-07:002009-07-22T19:01:07.184-07:00

Whatever type of cable is used, information is transmitted in the same way. Because the interior of the fiber optic cable is coated with a reflection, total internal reflection is present in the fiber optics. In order to provide information within the fiber optic, analog information must first be converted into digital signals. Once this information is converted, lasers can transmit digital

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-60412973893498158092009-07-21T18:50:00.000-07:002009-07-21T18:51:36.328-07:00

There are two main types of fiber optic cable, which are single mode and multi-mode.Single mode: Single mode fiber is a small component that has only one mode of transmission. Single mode fiber is able to transmit at high speeds over long distances because of their small base. Because only mode fiber optic cable allows for transmission distances longer and faster than the rate of transmission of

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-75550977254182295382009-07-19T08:48:00.000-07:002009-07-19T08:55:21.649-07:00

The discovery of the laser in 1960 has provided light sources suitable for the transmission and processing of information. Optical transmission has several advantages over radio transmission: speed (of light), high speed and a wider carrier frequency. It had one drawback: its price, but it becomes less and less true. Operation of fiber: the preform (Bar glass 2 indices) is heated in a furnace,

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-43472658997649545262009-07-17T21:15:00.000-07:002009-07-17T22:11:53.820-07:00

It happens quite often to meet with individuals to install their own communications network in their house or apartment at rehabilitation or even when a building to which they are largely hand. It is not so difficult to get started ... still need a few basics and roll their sleeves up. The installation will take place in stages: The VDI cables: In a communication network, the infrastructure is

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-78161513276618726742009-07-16T18:17:00.000-07:002009-07-17T21:11:44.025-07:00

Decrees 2009-52 and 2009-54 for implementing the LME (Law of Modernization of the Economy) establish the conditions for installing the fiber optics. Here are some selections not so trivial as this: "Buildings must be equipped with electronic communication lines at very high speed optical fiber serving each dwelling. These lines connect each dwelling with at least one fiber per unit at a

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-13116915760910235562009-07-13T18:09:00.000-07:002009-07-17T21:12:43.970-07:00

The optical fiber has advantages in compared to copper: - The spread signal undergoes low relief and has no need to be frequently reamplified; - You can perform data transmission to very high speeds (currently up to 160 Gbit/s laboratory);- The signals are insensitive to electromagnetic perturbations ; - It is possible to multiplex several spectrally data types on a single fiber, it transmits

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-91382791952899262712009-07-13T17:36:00.000-07:002009-07-17T21:13:42.545-07:00

Optical transmission technology which made its appearance in 70 years, spread over a ten years in the networks represented in the form of optical fibers. In 2004, 55million km of fiber have been made by operators in the world, and this phenomenon continues each year. That is why there is an increased supply fiber Optical black at the expense of leased lines in most part of Europe. Optical

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-5069126279845289722009-07-12T17:04:00.000-07:002009-07-12T18:14:44.056-07:00

The majority of optical networks are currently based on spectral multiplexing WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), is injected in a same fiber signals dedicated to several applicationsor different users and it performs a correspondence between the colors of beams light and interfaces Client ends optical links. Each node in the network, it has the possibility to extract or insert at channel of

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-60093977229308756862009-07-11T20:34:00.000-07:002009-07-17T21:14:03.837-07:00

Conference OFC / NFOEC 2008, which focuses on optical communications (Optical Fiber Communication / National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference), held in San Diego, California at the end of February. This annual conference focuses on current U.S. transportation optical telecommunications, a sector which is highly holder, with the explosion of multimedia content on the Internet. Each year this

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-76211306887867397382009-07-11T10:56:00.000-07:002009-07-17T21:14:42.282-07:00

In any transmission, it is interesting to move at the same time in the same conductor (here a single fiber) up communications companies, neither of which comes another scramble. They are therefore each carries a different wavelength is multiplexing. Multiplexing and its inverse are given by Mux / Demux. The different wavelengths are generally assembled and separated by means of optical filters

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-30825048771665332702009-07-11T10:31:00.001-07:002009-07-17T21:13:13.477-07:00

The interest of this method of transmission through optical fiber, a priori exotic, are numerous: signal loss over long distances much smaller than in an electric conductor in a metal transmission speeds very high, low weight per meter (this is important, both to reduce the weight exerted the complex installations in buildings to reduce the traction of long cables at their ends), insensitivity to

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534879270580189636.post-34692970762336004782009-07-11T10:20:00.000-07:002009-07-17T21:15:00.421-07:00

Overall, fiber is composed of : Over a glass of very fine, the heart (a few microns), a single, sometimes very long (up to several hundreds of km) a sheath that traps light in the heart reflecting virtually without loss (generally, a transparent envelope of a refractive index lower (some will remember their physics courses), a protective sheath that can meet several tens to several hundreds of

Dhanwada Devi Gayatrihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01038323072123987406noreply@blogger.com0